GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS:A –Z//IMPORTANT TERMS_ PART -01
Abrasion
The
wearing away of the landscape by rivers, glaciers, the sea or wind, caused by
the load of debris that they carry. abrasion platform
Absolute
location
The
particular location of a point on the Earth's surface that can be expressed by
a grid reference such as latitude and longitude.
Accessibility:
A locational characteristic that permits a place to be reached by the efforts
of those at other places.
Accessibility
resource: A naturally emergent landscape form that eases communication between
areas.
Acid
Rain: Rain that contains a high concentration of pollutants, notably sulphur
and nitrogen oxides. These pollutants are produced from factories, power
stations burning fossil fuels, and car exhausts. Once in the atmosphere, the
sulphur and nitrogen oxides combine with moisture to give sulphuric and nitric
acids which fall as corrosive rain.
Active
volcano: A volcano that is currently erupting, or one that has erupted within
the last 10,000 years (the Holocene) or during recorded history.
Administrative
region: An area in which organizations carry out administrative functions.
Example,
the regions of local health authorities and water companies, and commercial
sales regions.
Adult
literacy rate :
A percentage measure which shows the
proportion of an adult population able to read. It is one of the measures used
to assess the level of development of a country.
Aerial
photograph:
A photograph taken from above the
ground. There are two types of aerial photograph – a vertical photograph (or
‘bird's-eye view’) and an oblique photograph where the camera is held at an
angle. Aerial photographs are often taken from aircraft and provide useful
information for map-making and surveys.
Afforestation:
The conversion of open land to forest; especially, in Britain, the planting of
coniferous trees in upland areas for commercial gain
Agglomerate:
A mass of coarse rock fragments or blocks of lava produced during a volcanic
eruption.
Agricultural geography:
A
sub-discipline of geography which studies the spatial relationships between
humans and agriculture and the cultural, political, and environmental processes
that lead to parts of the Earth's surface being transformed by humans through
primary sector activities into agricultural landscapes.
Agribusiness:- Modern intensive farming which uses machinery
and artificial fertilizers to increase yield and output. Thus agriculture
resembles an industrial process in which the general running and managing of
the farm could parallel that of large-scale industry.
Agriculture
: Human management of the environment to produce food. The numerous forms of
agriculture fall into two groups
1.SUBSISTENCE
FARMING
· INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING
· PRIMITIVE SUBSISTENCE FARMING
2.
COMMERCIAL FARMING
· EXTENSIVE FARMING
· PLANTATION FARMING
· MIXED FARMING
Alluvial
fan
A
distinctly triangular, fan-shaped deposit of sediment transported by water,
often referred to as alluvium. Alluvial fans usually form at the base of
mountains, where high-velocity rivers or streams meet a relatively flat area
and lose the energy needed to carry large quantities of sediment, which ultimately
spreads out in all available directions. They tend to be larger and more
obvious in arid regions.
Alluvial
plain
A wide, flat, gently sloping plain created by
the long-term deposition of alluvium from one or more rivers flowing from
highland regions, and typically characterized by various fluvial landforms such
as braided streams, terraces, and meanders. Alluvial plains encompass the
larger area over which a river's floodplain has shifted through geological
time.
Alluvial
soils
Soils
deposited through the action of moving water. These soils lack horizons and are
usually highly fertile.
Alluvium
Clay,
silt, gravel, or similar detrital material deposited by running water.
Alpine
Characteristic
of or resembling the European Alps, or any other high-elevation mountain range
or mountainous environment (especially one deeply modified by glacial erosion
so as to contain characteristic landforms such as cirques, horns, etc.), in
topography, climate, or ecological communities.
Altitude
The
height of an object in the atmosphere above sea level. Compare elevation.
Antarctic
The
region of the Earth that is south of the Antarctic Circle.
Antarctic
Circle
The
southernmost of the Earth's two polar circles of latitude, south of which the
sun appears above the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year
(and is therefore visible at midnight) and also appears at least partially
below the horizon for 24 continuous hours at least once per year (and is
therefore not visible at noon). Its latitude is approximately 66°33′47.1″ south
of the Equator. Contrast Arctic Circle.
Anthropization
The conversion of open spaces, landscapes, and natural environments by human
action.
Anticline
A geological fold that has an arch-like convex shape and its oldest beds near
its center, often visible at the Earth's surface in exposed rock strata.
Antimeridian
The line of longitude exactly 180 degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian,
with which it forms a great circle dividing the Earth into the Eastern and
Western Hemispheres. It is used as the approximate basis for the International
Date Line because it mostly passes through the open waters of the Pacific
Ocean.
Anthropization
The conversion of open spaces, landscapes, and natural environments by human action.
Anthracite
A
hard form of coal with a high carbon content and few impurities. anticline An
arch in folded strata; the opposite of syncline. See fold.
Anticyclone
An
area of high atmospheric pressure with light winds, clear skies and settled
weather. In summer, anticyclones are associated with warm and sunny conditions;
in winter, they bring frost and fog as well as sunshine.
Antipodes
Any pair of points on the Earth's surface that are diametrically opposite to
each other, such that a straight line connecting them would pass through the
Earth's center. Such points are as far away from each other as possible, with
the great-circle distance between them being approximately 20,000 kilometres
(12,000 mi).
Apparent
place
The
apparent position of an object in space as seen by an observer, which, because
of physical and geometric effects, may differ from the object's true position.
Aquifer
An underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures, or
unconsolidated materials such as gravel, sand, or silt.
Archipelago A collection of islands in a sea.
SAYANTANI SINGH Msc, B.Ed
GEOGRAPHIA
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