SPATIAL INTERACTION CONCEPT OF ULLMAN
SPATIAL INTERACTION CONCEPT OF ULLMAN A systematic approach to the study of transportation in the context of spatial interaction was developed by Ullman (1954, 1956, 1957, 1967, 1970, and 1973).
The fundamental concept developed by him is known as ‘Ullman’s Principles’ or ‘Ullman’s Traid’. Ullman (1954, 1957, and 1973) put forward three main reasons of the interactions involving transportation:
(i) Complementarity
(ii) Intervening opportunity, and
(iii) Transferability
Complementarity:
There must be a supply and a demand between the interacting locations. A residential zone is complementary to an industrial zone because the first is supplying workers while the second is supplying jobs. The same can be said concerning the Complementarity between a store and its customers and between an industry and its suppliers (movements of freight).
If location B produces/generates something that location A requires, then an interaction is possible because a supply/demand relationship has been established between those two locations; they have become complementary to one another. The same applies in the other direction (A to B), which creates a situation of reciprocity common in commuting or international trade.
Intervening opportunity:
There must not be another location that may offer a better alternative as a point of origin or as a point of destination. For instance, in order to have an interaction of a customer to a store, there must not be a closer store that offers a similar array of goods.
If location C offers the same characteristics (namely complementarity) as location A and is also closer to location B, an interaction between B and A will not occur and will be replaced by an interaction between B and C.
Transferability:
Freight, persons or information being transferred must be supported by transport infrastructures, implying that the origin and the destination must be linked. Costs to overcome distance must not be higher than the benefits of related interaction, even if there is complementarity and no alternative opportunity.
Transport infrastructures (modes and terminals) must be present to support an interaction between B and A. Also, these infrastructures must have a capacity and availability which are compatible with the requirements of such an interaction..
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