HOMAR HOYT _ SECTOR MODEL// Important theory // UG , PG 

Homor Hoyt, an economist, follwed the the theory of Eenest Burgess and propounded a proposition of urban structure and its growth pattern in 1939, which may be construed as an alternative to the concentric zone theory. Designating his theory as Sectors Model, Hyot attempted on overcoming the weaknesses of the earlier theory 

A second theory of urban structure was proposed in 1939 by an economist named Homer Hoyt.

His model, the sector model, proposed that a city develops in sectors instead of rings. Certain areas of a city are more attractive for various activities, whether by chance or geographic and environmental reasons. As the city grows and these activities flourish and expand outward, they do so in a wedge and become a sector of the city. If a district is set up for high income housing, for example, any new development in that district will expand from the outer edge. 

Assumptions of the Sector Model 

◼ Assume land is flat 

◼ Cities develop in sectors not in rings along major attractive areas whether by chance or geographic and environmental reasons

◼ Building age as one move into the city center 

◼ There exist well defined separation either ethnically or economically along transport networks 

◼ Concentration of heavy industries in certain areas 

EXPLANATION

Hoyt had conducted factual examination of residential rent patterns in twenty-five cities of U.S.A. According to Hoyt there are five types of land use zones  the cities. They are

1. CBD Central Business District 

2. Wholesale and light industry zone 

3. Low class residential zone 

4. Medium class residential zone 

5. High class residential zone 

CBD – Central Business District is the city centre and located at the geographical center. Sectors and the partial rings of land use/activities that take place. This area is often known as downtown and It has high rise buildings. Inner city area or downtown area is a complex and dynamic organism. It represents many layers of historic growth of many generations, city development and the impact of cultural & traditions of men who inhabited the city as tourists. The combinations of these layers and the way they are held together in the city gives image ability, out of its socio-cultural heritage. As the cities are expanding, modern technology and scientific innovations are transforming  the  style of living and also the  structure of the city. Open spaces were being eaten up by built forms resulting in congested and an unhealthy environment.

Industry – Industries are represented in the form of a sector radiating out from the center. These forms sector because of the presence of a transport linkage (both road and railways) along which the activities grew. Presence of railway lines, rivers or roads would attract similar activity, and thus a continuous corridor or “sector” would develop. Manufacturing units have a huge influence on how a city grow and shapes the overall geometry of any area. Land price is another factor which greatly affects the location of industries since it requires a large parcel of land.

Low-Class Residential

Low-income groups reside in this area. Narrow roads, high population density, small houses with poor ventilation. Roads are narrow and often connect to the industries where most of the people in this sector work. Closeness to industries reduces the travel cost and thus attracts industrial workers. Environmental and living conditions are often inadequate because of the proximity to factories.

Middle-Class Residential

This area has middle income groups who can afford more substantial travel costs and want better living conditions. The activities of people residing in this area consist of different activities and not just the industrial work. It has more linkages with CBD along with some linkages to industries. This area has the most significant residential area.

High Class residential

This is the outermost and farthest area from downtown. Wealthy and affluent people live in this area. This area is clean, has less traffic, quiet and has large houses. Corridor or spine extending from CBD to the edge has the best housing.

The significance of Hoyt Model 

• Ecological factors + economic rent concept to explain the land use pattern.
• Stress on the role of transport routes in affecting the spatial arrangement of the city.
• Both the distance and direction of growth from the city center are considered.
• Brings location of industrial and environmental amenity values as determinants in a residential place.
• Example: Sectors of high-class residential areas tend to grow towards higher grounds, sites with a better view, more open space, the homes of influential leaders within the community and existing outlying, smaller settlements.

Limitations of Sector Model 

• Only Railway lines are considered for the growth of sectors and do not make allowances for private cars.
• It is a monocentric representation of cities; multiple business centers are not accounted for in this model.
• Physical features – physical features may restrict or direct growth alongspecific wedges.
• No reference to out of town development.

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