Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:- Though income is one of the most important aspects of our lives, there are other important things, such as:
People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
Women need safe and secure environment to take up a variety of Jobs or run a business.
People also need political rights.
People seek a pollution-free environment.
What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?
Answer:- As we know that rural areas are very hard to improve specially where there is no literacy and no hygiene. It becomes very difficult task to convince people for any change as they are very conservative and they don’t want to accept changes rather than keep following their old and nonsense traditions. SO, if I say then many more important development goals should be there like sanitation, security, per capita income, education etc.
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.
Ans:- Three example are :
Average income of two countries,
Average speed of two vehicles over a distance.
Average height of the students in two different classes of a school.
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:- It is an important criterion because it tells us what an average person is likely to earn and also gives some idea about the rising standard of living. Prosperity of a country depends not only on its national income but also on the number of people who would share it. In case the number of people is large, the average income will be less. This is the case in India.
Besides the size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?
Answer:- Besides the size of per capita income, there is purchasing power parity as it shows the ability of people to purchase items and their behavior too must not be ignored in this case. In comparison of two or more societies few more factors can be included like gross domestic product, infant mortality rate, distribution of income and many more things.
Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:If records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. As we know that average income of a country is a way to determine the development of a country but it does not guarantee the progress of the economy. Few examples have been seen in which clearly it was shown that there are many other factors which are important for the overall development of a particular society. Some factors are infant mortality rate and literacy rate etc.
From the text, find out the per capita income level of low-income countries as per World Development Reports.
Answer:- World Bank classifies countries according to per capita income.
Countries with PCI of more than 4, 53,000 per annum and above are called RICH COUNTRIES.
Countries with PCI less than 37,000 or less are called POOR COUNTRIES.
Countries between 37,000 and 4, 53,000 are called middle-income countries.
Define the Public Distribution System.
Answer:- Public Distribution System (PDS) is a government regulated chain of ration shops entrusted with the work of distributing basic food and non-food commodities to the poorer sections of the society at subsidised prices.
Wheat, rice, kerosene, sugar, etc. are a few major commodities distributed by the Public Distribution System.
What are the examples where the collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision?
Answer:- 1. Park facility for the people of a colony. 2. Electricity facility for the people of a village. 3. Over head water tanks for the people of a village. 4. Lift facility for the residents of an apartment.
Does the availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on the amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:-
No, by just spending money in the health and education facilities does not guarantee the success of the policies. It also depends on the capabilities of the doctors and quality of the medicines in the case of health facilities.
There are other factors that impacts its success:
Effective implementation and monitoring of the policy mechanism by government officials.
Creating a level of awareness about government policies and programmes through local bodies and village communities.
Eliminating bribe from the system.
In Tamil Nadu, 90% of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop, whereas in West Bengal only 35% of rural people do so. Where would people be better off and why?
Answer:-
The people of Tamil Nadu would be better off as 90 percent of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop and able to get food grains, sugar, kerosene oil etc. from the ration shop at a price lower than the market price. Ration shops play an effective role in stabilizing the prices and making necessary goods available to poor consumers at affordable price.
Is crude oil essential for the development process in a country? Discuss.
Answer:- Yes, crude oil is essential for our development process in a country because of the following reasons-- i) Most of the industries and factory depend on crude oil. ii) 97% of energy required for transportation provided by crude oil. iii) There are also many product such as diesel, jet fuel, LPG, kerosene etc, that we get from crude oil.and it is essential for development.
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer:- The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is the per capita income or average income of a person in a country. Limitations of this criterion: It does not tell us about how this average income is distributed among the people in the individual countries.
The main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries is the per capita income or average income of a person in a country. Limitations of this criterion: It does not tell us about how this average income is distributed among the people in the individual countries.
Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer:- Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. This is true because the literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc. are better in Kerala in comparison to Haryana. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating the average income of the state, irrespective of any other factor.
Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer;:- The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil and natural gas. The other possibilities fifty years from now can be using solar energy and wind energy as a source for various energy forms. This is because the current usage of sources of energy may result in the loss of these resources for future generations.
The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer:- Development not just depends on the economic factors of a country, but is also dependent on resources that are available for the people of a country to use. The statement: “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person” is completely relevant in terms of the development of a country because natural resources are non-renewable resources. It is the responsibility of the people to use them only to meet their needs and not to satisfy their greed. If natural resources are not used wisely now, the future generations may not be able to use them for their needs, which will result in the downfall of development of a country.
Explain the main criterion for comparing the development of different countries.
For comparing the developmental level of different countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes. The countries with higher income are more developed than others with less income. For comparison between countries, we consider the per capita income of each country. In World Development Report, countries are recognised as rich country and low-income country according to their per capita Income. With more income, people Will be able to get more things they need. So, greater income itself is considered to be an important criterion for the development of a country.
Describe any three possible development goals of landless rural labourers.
Answer:- The developmental goals for Landless rural labourers:
(i) More days of work and better wages.
(ii) Local school is able to provide quality education for their children.
(iii)There is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
Mention any one limitation of per capita income as an indicator of development.
Answer:- The following are the limitations of per capita income:
The rise in per capita income is due to a rise in prices. An increase in physical output has no contribution, therefore, it is not a reliable index of economic development.
The rich become richer and the poor become poorer because of the distribution of the per capita.
The non-marketed goods and services are not taken into consideration while calculating the per capita.
“Though the level of income is important, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development.” Justify the statement.
Answer:- Although the level of income is an important indicator of development, it is an inadequate measure of the level of development because: (a) it takes into consideration only the monetary view of development. (b) a high level of income may not satisfy an individual if other aspects like security, freedom, opportunities, welfare, health facilities, education and cleanliness, are absent. (c) it is perhaps universally accepted that development is not just about income, although income (economic wealth, more generally) has a great deal to do with it. (d) development is also about the removal of poverty and undernutrition. It is an increase in life expectancy and access to sanitation, clean drinking water and health services. It is the reduction of infant mortality and increased access to knowledge and schooling and literacy, in particular. (e) it fails as an adequate overall measure and must be supplemented by other indicators directly.
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