CBSE CLASS 10 SST HISTORY CHAPTER the making of global world

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION 

1. Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors until about five centuries ago. These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent that would later become known as the Americas.

2. Precious metals, particularly silver, from mines located in presentday Peru and Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.

3.Many expeditions set off in search of El Dorado, the fabled city of gold.

4. America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. Smallpox in particular proved a deadly killer.

5.Which country imposed the corn laws to restrict the import of corn? 

Great Britain

6. The demand for labour in places where labour was in short supply – as in America and Australia – led to more migration.

7.In 1820 and 1914 world trade is estimated to have multiplied 25 to 40 times. Nearly 60 per cent of this trade comprised ‘primary products,

8. One of the oldest livestock market was in london was at smithfield. 

9.  animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point – in America, Australia or New Zealand – and then transported to Europe as frozen meat,

10.In 1885 the big European powers met in Berlin to complete the carving up of Africa between them.

11.The US also became a colonial power in the late 1890s by taking over some colonies earlier held by Spain/ 

12,In Africa, in the 1890s, a fast-spreading disease of cattle plague or rinderpest had a terrifying impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy/

SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTION

1.Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.

ANSWER: (a) Asia: Prior to the 17th century, the silk routes were a vibrant example of pre-modern trade. Historians have identified several silk routes, both overland and by sea, that connect Asia to Europe and northern Africa. These trade routes carried Chinese pottery, textiles, and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In exchange, precious metals – gold and silver – were transferred from Europe to Asia.' Second, Christian missionaries and, later, Muslim preachers used these routes. It should be noted here that, in ancient times, Buddhism spread in a variety of directions via intersecting points on the silk routes.

(b) Americas: Following Christopher Columbus' discovery of the Americas, many of our common foods, such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, and chilies, came from America's original inhabitants, the American Indians. America's vast lands, abundant crops, and minerals transformed trade and lives worldwide beginning in the sixteenth century. Precious metals from mines in Peru and Mexico, such as silver, increased Europe's wealth and financed its trade with Asia. Legends about South America's fabled wealth spread throughout seventeenth-century Europe. Many expeditions set out in search of El Dorado, the legendary gold city. Thus, global exchanges existed prior to the seventeenth century.

2.Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.

ANSWER: The global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonization of the Americas because the native American Indians were not immune to the diseases that the settlers and colonizers brought with them. The Europeans were more or less immune to smallpox, but the native Americans, having been cut off from the rest of the world for millions of years, had no defence against it. These germs killed and wiped out whole communities, paving the way for foreign domination. Weapons and soldiers could be destroyed or captured, but diseases could not be fought against.

(i) By the mid-sixteenth century, Europe defeated America not with military power but just with the germ of smallpox they brought with them.

(ii) America had been cut off from regular contact with the rest of the world for millions of years, they had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe.

(iii) Smallpox proved to be a deadly killer for them. It spread deep into the continent, killed and devastated the whole community, thus paving the way for European conquest.

3.give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability

ANSWER: Two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability were:

 Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped transport food more cheaply and quickly from production units to even faraway markets.

 Refrigerated ships helped transport perishable foods such as meat, butter and eggs over long distance

4,Economists identify three types of movement or ‘flows’ within International economic exchanges.

ANSWER: conomists identify three types of movement or ‘flows’ within international economic exchanges. The first is the flow of trade which in the nineteenth century largely traded in goods (e.g., cloth or wheat). The second is the flow of labour – the migration of people in search of employment. The third is the movement of capital for short-term or long-term investments over long distances.

5. Explain the causes of great depressions.

ANSWER: The Great Depression was a caused due to the following factors:

● Income and Prosperity in USA increased as it was very less affected by World

War I. This caused an increase in demands and due to less production, inflation

increased.

● The stock exchanges crashed in 1929 which created panic among investors

and depositors as they lost money and started accumulation of wealth.

● Banks were closed and companies failed to get capital for investments.

6. How did Rinderpest become instrumental in subjugating the Africans?

ANSWER: (i) The Loss of 90% of the cattle destroyed African livelihoods. 

(ii) Planters, mine owners, and colonial governments now successfully monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and forced Africans into the labor market.

 (iii) Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled European colonizers to conquer and subdue Africa.

7.Describe the impact of 'Rinderpest' on people's livelihoods and local economy in Africa in the 1890s.

ANSWER: Rinderpest refers to the cattle plague in Africa in 1890s. This disease show that how during this era of conquest even a disease affecting cattle reshaped the lives and fortunes of thousands of people. The infected cattle was imported from British Asia into Africa to feed Italian soldiers. The following were the impact of Rinderpest on people's livelihoods and the local economy in Africa:

It destroyed nearly 90% of the livestock.

It destroyed the livelihood of the Natives.

Mine owners and colonial powers benefited by it as they monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained and Africa ceased to be a free continent.

8.Why is it said that there was no other war earlier like first world war? State in three points.

ANSWER:  It involved the worlds leading industrial nations.ii This war was the first modern industrial war. Machine guns tanks aircrafts chemical weapons were used on a massive scale.iii Most o{ those who were maimed were men of working age. The scale of death and destruction was great. These deaths and injuries reduced theworkforce.iv Industries during the war were restructured to produce war-related products.v The war led to the snapping of economic links between the worlds largest economic powers which were now fighting with each other to pay for them. The war transformed the US from being an international debtor to an international creditor

9.Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th Century? Give three reasons.

Answer:

The Europeans fled to America in the 19th century because of the following reasons.

Poverty and hunger were common and widespread in Europe in the beginning of the 19th century.

Cities were overcrowded and people feared deadly diseases.

Religious conflicts were frequent as dissenters were persecuted on a large scale.

10. “The relocation of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world trade and capital flows.” Justify the statement.

ANSWER: The industrial world was hit by unemployment that began rising from the mid 1970s and remained till 1990s. From the late 1970s, MNCs began to shift production operations to low-wage Asian countries. New Economic policies in China and collapse of the Soviet Union and communication in Eastern Europe brought many countries back into the world economy.

Wages were relatively low in countries like China. The became attractive destinations for investments by foreign MNCs competing to capture world market.

Thus the relocation of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world trade and capital flow.

11. Describe the effect of the Great Depression on the world? Who was the worst affected by this depression?

ANSWER: The Great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid-1930s. During this period:

There were steep declines in production, employment, incomes and trade.

Agricultural regions and communities were worst affected due to the fall of agricultural prices and ruin of urban centres.

Unemployment created further poverty in the society and people were living in destitute conditions.

12.Why did household incomes decline after the First World War? Give two reasons.

Answer:

The household income declined after the First World War because of the following reasons.

During the war, much of the attention was on the production of war related goods and people for fighting. Large tracts of lands were left uncultivated which reduced household income.

The war saw large scale killing, most of them were men of working age. The deaths and injuries in the war reduced the able-bodied workforce. Families left behind found it difficult to survive.

13.What lessons were learnt from inter-war economic experiences by the economists and politicians during the Second World War? Describe. 

Answer:

Economists and politicians learnt two key lessons from inter-war economic experiences during the Second World War:

An industrial society based on mass production cannot be sustained without mass consumption. But to ensure mass consumption, there was a need for high and stable incomes. Income could be stable if employment was stable. So stable incomes and employment were needed.

Markets could not guarantee full employment. Therefore, Government would need to check fluctuations of prices and provision of employment. Economic stability can be ensured with the interference of the Government.

The second lesson was a country’s economic links with the outside world. The goal of full employment could only be achieved if Government had power to control flow of goods, capital and labour.

14.What role did the ‘Silk route’ play in linking distant parts of the world? 
Or, “The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modem trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.” Explain how.

Answer:

The routes on which cargoes carried Chinese silk to the west were known as ‘Silk routes’.

(i) Historians have discovered several silk routes over land and by sea, covering vast regions of Asia and connecting Asia with Europe and North Africa. Even pottery from China, textile and spices from India and South Asia also travelled the same route.

(ii) In return, precious metals like gold and silver flowed from Europe to Asia. The traders along with trading items carried knowledge, ideas, values, skills, inventions, lifestyles, food habits, religious beliefs, etc.

15.“The pre-modem world changed with the discovery of new sea routes to America. “Give any three suitable examples to explain the statement.

Answer:

Christopher Columbus discovered the vast continent that later came to be known as America. With the discovery of America, started the cultural exchange with the original inhabitants of a vast continent.

Foods like potatoes, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, which were not known to people of other continents, were introduced there and became a part of their daily diet.

Precious metals, particularly silver from mines located in present-day Peru and Mexico, also enhanced Europe’s wealth and financed its trade with Asia.

Slave trade started. European traders captured slaves in Africa and took them to America, where they worked on plantations. Europe became the centre of World trade.

Religious dissenters were persecuted in Europe. Thousands, therefore fled Europe for America.

From the sixteenth century, America’s vast lands and abundant crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere.

16.Describe the effects of abolishing the Com Laws.

Answer:

The following were the effects of abolishing the Com Laws in England.

After the Corn Laws were scrapped, food could be imported into Britain more cheaply than it could be produced within the country.

British agriculture was unable to compete with imports.

Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men and women were thrown out of work.

Peasants flocked to the cities or migrated overseas.

17. Explain the impact of the First World War on Britain’s economy. 

Answer:

Britain, world’s leading economy in the pre-war period, faced a prolonged crisis:

To finance war expenditure, Britain had borrowed liberally from US. This meant that at the end of the war, Britain was burdened with huge external debts.

The war had disturbed Britain’s position of dominance in the Indian market. In India, the Nationalist Movement had gathered strength and anti-British feeling had become stronger among common people. Promotion of Indian industries had become one of the objectives of the Nationalist leaders, which adversely affected industries in Britain.

There was widespread increase in unemployment coupled with decrease in agricultural and industrial production. Cotton production collapsed and export of cotton from Britain fell dramatically.

Unable to modernize, Britain was finding it difficult to compete with U.S., Germany and Japan internationally.

18. Describe the circumstances responsible for the formation of G-77.

Answer:

The circumstances responsible for the formation of G-77 were as follows.

After the Second World War, most colonies in Asia and Africa emerged as free and independent nations. They were however overburdened with poverty and lack of resources because of long period of colonial rule.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank, set up to finance post-war reconstitution, helped only the industrial countries. They were not equipped to meet the challenges of poverty of developing countries. ,

In order to remove poverty, newly-independent countries came under the guidance of international financial institutions dominated by former colonial masters.

Colonial powers still controlled vital resources of newly-independent nations.

The newly-independent nations felt that they are not benefiting from thegrowth of western economics and international financial institutions as they should.Therefore, these countries organised themselves to form G-77 or the Group of 77.

19.Describe any five factors that led to the end of the Bretton Woods System and the beginning of globalization.

ANSWER: The important reasons behind the end of Bretton Woods system are :

i A decline in economic power of the USA

.ii Change in the international financial system

iii Unemployment in industrialized countries.

iv Shifting of production enterprises

.v Changes in China.

i Decline in economic power of the USA : a US dollar no longer commanded confidence. b US dollar could not maintain its value in relation to gold. c A collapse of fixed exchange rates on floating exchange rates.

 ii Change in the international financial: The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries. The international financial system changed and developing countries were forced to borrow from western commercial banks. 

iii Unemployment in industrialized countries: Industrial world was hit by unemployment. The number of unemployed started rising and people  trudged long distances looking for any work they could find. 

iv Shifting to production enterprises: MNCs shifted their production units to Asian countries because of cheap labor and low wages.

 v Changes in China: China became an attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs.