ISC GEOGRAPHY CLASS 12 CHAPTER- 10 RURAL DEVELOPMENT

 ISC GEOGRAPHY
CLASS 12
CHAPTER- 10

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Q.1. What do you mean by the term 'Settlement"?

Ans. The term settlement refers to a grouping of houses or huts with a certain layout pla and includes the buildings meant for residential or other purposes, such as pests for animals or stores for equipment or machinery as well as the streets for the mos which connect them together.

Q. 2. Define Rural Settlement. Classify the rural settlement.

 Ans. A rural settlement consists of houses, streets and the surrounding farmland, where people are mainly engaged in agriculture and other primary activities. It has small population varying from 50 to 1,000 persons and density is less. Modem facilities an also absent here.

The rural settlement of India may be classified into the following types:

 (i) Clustered or agglomerated or nucleated.

(ii) Semi-clustered,

(iii) Dispersed or isolated.

Q.3. Describe briefly three factors which determine the rural settlement.

Ans. The factors that determine the type of rural settlement are:

 (a) Physical factors

(b) Ethnic and cultural factors

(c) Historical factors. 

(a) Physical Factors. Various physical factors including relief, altitude (height above sea-level), climate, drainage, depth of underground water level, soil, etc play an important role in determining the type and spacing of settlements. For example, water is the most important single factor in dry areas. In such areas, the houses are clustered around the source of water. This source may be a well, a pond or an oasis. This is the reason that the compactness of a settlement in Rajasthan is largely determined by the source of water supply. (b) Ethnic and Cultural Factors. Ethnic and cultural factors, such as tribal caste of

communal identity, are also important in determining the layout of a rural settlement. In India, the main land-owning caste occupies the central point and forms the nucleus. It attracts other caste-groups who provide services to the village community. They occupy a specific place in the settlement plan. Harijan dwellings are generally situated on the periphery away from the main settlement. This shows social segregation. But it leads to fragmentation of a compact settlement into several units.

(c) Historical Factors. Historical factors have played an important role in determining the types of rural settlements as well as their distribution. Certain areas of the North Indian Plain suffered frequent invasions from outside invaders. Consequently, the village communities preferred to live in compact settlements so that they could defend themselves against the invading enemies. A compact settlement also protects from internal enemies, particularly during periods of turmoil when villages were plundered by rival groups fighting for political supremacy.

Q.4. What is Metropolis or Megalopolis?

Ans. A metropolis is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural centre for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce and communications.

Q.5. Distinguish between Rural and urban settlements.

Ans.

Q.6. Differentiate between Rural population and Urban population.

Ans.

Q.7. Define clustered/compact/Nucleated/Agglomerated settlement. Give examples.

Ans. This type of settlement is generally characterized by compact block of houses. The narrow, streets separate the two rows of houses. These settlements often present a definite layout plan which may be linear rectangular, L-shaped or shapeless. This type of settlement are found in fertile productive plains. It varies from 6-7 huts in Thar Desert of Rajasthan to settlements of 500-1,000 inhabitants in the Ganga plain. 

Q.8. Distinguish between Cluster and Dispersed type of settlement.

Ans:- 

Q.9. Name the rural settlement pattern shown in Fig. 

(I Where these are found. 

(II) Name the state where these are found

Ans. (I) This is the type of linear settlement pattern.

(ii) These linear settlement are sometimes situated along a stream or a road or any important transportation line.

(iii) Specially in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand etc.

Q.10. (i) Name the rural settlement given in Fig.

 (ii) What is the road system in this settlement pattern?

(ii) How does this kind of settlement pattern develop?

Ans. (1) This is the circular pattern of the rural settlement where settlements are found along the bank of a pond or a lake and lakes the shape of circle.

 (ii) The main road goes along the bank of the river and bifurcate in several direction to join other areas.

(iii) This pattern develop around the pond or lakes. All the houses are facing toward pond/lake and depend upon the water for their requirement and livelihood.

Q.11. (1) Name the rural settlement shown in Fig.

(ii) What is the street system in this settlement?

(iii) Where in India is such rural settlement pattern generally found.

Ans.

(1) Checker board or Rectangular pattern shown in figure. Such villages develop at the meeting place of two roads.

(ii) The street system are either parallel or perpendicular to each other and the settlement lakes a rectangular shape.

(iii) These settlement are found in the Northern plain especially in the Ganga- Yamuna Doab. They are also found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh states of South India.

Q.12.(i) Name the rural settlement pattern given in Fig.

(ii) What is the road system in this settlement?

(iii) How does this pattern develop? Where these pattern found?

Ans. (i) The pattern of the rural settlement are star like pattern.

(ii) Here streets radiate from a common centre and form a star like formation.

 (iii) These types of settlement are radiates out in different direction of the road from the local point of a nodal centre. Such pattern found in Tamil Nadu and upper Ganga plain.

Q. 13. Name three types of rural settlements found in India. Give features of each type.

Ans. The three main types of rural settlement are 

(D) Dispersed or Isolated settlement (Settlement in hill areas): The vast stretches of the Himalayas in the north and the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats, the Satpura, the Vindhya ranges etc, comprise the hill and mountain topography. These settlements are largely characterized by dispersed settlement. 

(a) The hamlet in hilly areas are scattered. The setdements are built on slopes.Generally they consist of 2 to 5 or 8 huts in one place if they work together on a cooperative basis to carry out agricultural activity.

 (b) In this settlement hamlets are scattered over a vast area. There is no specific plan for the settlement unit in a single hamlet.

(ii) Cluster or Nucleated Settlement (Settlement in plains): The plains of North India are very vast and fertile which have been formed by the depositional work of the great rivers like the Ganga, the Indus and the Brahmaputra and their tributaries. Majority of the villages represent nucleated settlements. Such a settlement type is a characteristic of fertile and well-watered plains.

(a) In terms of shape, it may be rectangular or shapeless. 

(b) The streets criss-cross at different angles forming alis and galis. The word ali' refers to a narrow lane while 'gali' on the other hand is a wider lane which divides segments of two caste.

(iii) Linear Settlement (Rural settlement in coastal areas):

 (a) These settlements are situated along a line. usually facing the coast, or sea.

 (b) The major occupation of people residing in these setlements in fishing.

Q.14. The rural settlement pattern in the plains is mainly nucleated. Explain why. 

Ans. Majority of the villages represent nucleated settlements in the plains.

The main factors are: 

1. Flat surface, fertile soil and the availability of water.

2. Co-operation in farming activities, caste alignments, religious considerations defence in the historic time.

3. Nucleated settlements are most abundantly found in North Indian Plains from Punjab to West Bengal due to fertile soil and well-watered plains. In Assam the nucleated settlements are found where there are levees or high land. It is common in Tripura, Coastal Odisha, Mahanadi basin in Chhattisgarh, Cauvery and Vaigai basins of Karnataka and Rayalseema region of Andhra Pradesh due to fertile soil.

In Punjab and Haryana, a large number of villages have been built on low-lying site in which rain-water from surrounding higher lands collects. Many villages are built on higher sites where flood water cannot reach.

4. Defence: Certain areas of North Indian plains have suffered frequent invasions from outside invaders. The village communities preferred to live in compact settlements so that they could defend themselves against the invading enemies. 5. Caste alignment: On the outskirts of several villages in the northern plains.

there are small clusters of houses meant for Scheduled Castes. The main land owning caste occupies the central point and forms the nucleus. This is commonly found in Eastern UP, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.

6. Source of water: In Rajasthan, the settlements are largely determined by the source of water supply. As such most of the rural settlements are big villages, having population of ten thousand and even more. Thus the rural landscape presents nucleated settlements, situated quite distant from each other. In Jaisalmer district, the villages are about 10 km away from each other.

Q.15. With reference to the circular rural settlement pattern, answer the

(i) How does this pattern develop?

(ii) Name any two areas where this pattern is found in India.

Ans.

(i) When the houses are constructed along the banks of a pond, tank or a lake, the settlement takes the shape of a circle. People prefer to build houses near the source of water. In this pattern the houses, offices, business centres, are in the centre. As you move out there are garden plots, surrounded by cultivated land. pastures, woodland, in successive rings.

(ii) The two areas where this pattern found in India are:

(a) The upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab region. (b) In the parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Q. 6. State any two factors responsible for isolated/dispersed settlement in the North Eastern states of India.

Ans.

(1) Due to rugged topography and unaccessibility restrict all possible developm for settlement.

(ii) The excessive heavy rainfall followed by soil erosion tend to discou concentration of population in the northen-eastern state of India.