ICSE-CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY- QUESTION-ANSWERS OF MINERALS AND CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

ICSE-CLASS 10

GEOGRAPHY- QUESTION-ANSWERS OF MINERALS AND CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

1. What is a mineral? State two characteristics of minerals.

= Minerals are natural substances of organic or inorganic origin with definite chemical and physical properties.

Two characteristics of minerals are-

· Minerals are not evenly distributed over space.

· Minerals have inverse relationship in quality and quantity.

2. What is the difference between metallic and non-metallic minerals?

Metallic minerals	Non-metallic minerals
Metallic minerals are minerals in which metal elements are present in their raw form	Non-metallic minerals do not contain any metal substances in them.
Metallic minerals are usually found in igneous and metamorphic rock formations	Non-metallic minerals are often found embedded in young fold mountains and sedimentary rocks.
Metallic minerals are good conductors of electricity as well as heat	Non-metallic minerals are basically good insulators of electricity and heat.
Metallic minerals have high malleability and ductility.	Non-metallic minerals lack malleability and ductility and these minerals break down easily.
Metallic minerals generally have lustre.	Non-metallic minerals do not have any shine or lustre.

3. Name the three varieties of iron ore mined in India. Name one state where each is found.

The three varieties of iron ore mined in India are-

1. Haematite — It is found in Odisha.

2. Magnetite — It is found in Tamil Nadu.

3. Limonite — It is found in Uttarakhand.

4.Name the best quality of iron ore.- Magnetite is the best quality of iron ore.

5. Name two states where it is found.- It is found in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

6.What type of mineral is copper? Name any two states where copper is found in India.

Copper is a non-ferrous metal. It is found in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.

7.State two uses of aluminium.

Aluminium is used in aircrafts and automobiles.

8.Bauxite is an oxide of which metal? Where are the deposits of Bauxite found in India?

Bauxite is an oxide of aluminium. The deposits of Bauxite are found in Goa, Odisha, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

9.Give a reason for each of the following:

(i) Manganese is an important raw material in the iron and steel industry.

= Manganese is an important raw material in the iron and steel industry because it is used to make steel tough and resistant to rusting.

(ii) Bauxite is used in electrical equipment industry.

= Bauxite is used in electrical equipment industry because it is a good conductor of electricity.

(iii) Raw iron needs to be alloyed in order to be useful in construction and automobile industry.

= Raw iron needs to be alloyed in order to be useful in construction and automobile industry because raw iron by itself is not as strong and hard as needed for construction and automobile industry.

10.How is brass and bronze made? State two uses of copper.

Copper is alloyed with zinc to form brass and with tin to make bronze.

Two uses of copper are-

· It is used in building construction for roofing and plumbing.

· It is used in ship-building industry.

11.Name two leading states producing manganese. State two industrial uses of manganese.

Two leading states producing manganese are Karnataka and Odisha.

Two industrial uses of manganese are-

· It is an important raw material for the iron and steel industry.

· It is used in chemical industries for manufacturing bleaching powder.

12. (i) Name two characteristics of iron ore deposits in India that facilitate their optimum use in the iron and steel plants.

= Two characteristics of iron ore deposits in India that facilitate their optimum use in the iron and steel plants are-

· Iron ore deposits occur as hill masses and are easily accessible.

· They are found in close proximity to the areas producing coal, dolomite, limestone and manganese.

(ii) Name two industries that require iron ore as raw material.

= Two industries that require iron ore as raw material are iron and steel industries.

13.Give a reason for each of the following:

(i) Magnetite is so called. = Magnetite is so called because it possesses magnetic property.

(ii) Copper is used for making electric wires.= Copper is used for making electric wires because it is a good conductor of electricity, highly malleable and ductile.

(iii) Aluminium is used for making aircraft.= Aluminium is used for making aircraft because it is light weight and strong.

14.What is meant by conventional sources of energy? Name any two conventional sources of energy.

= Conventional sources of energy are those which have been used by man for a long time and are still being tapped and used abundantly.

These include coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydel power.

15.Name two main coal bearing areas in India.

= Two main coal bearing areas in India are Raniganj in West Bengal and Jharia in Jharkhand.

16. Name the varieties of coal found in India.

= The varieties of coal found in India are anthracite, bituminous, lignite and peat.

17. Give a characteristic of each type of coal.

= Anthracite coal — It is shiny and lustrous, almost jet black.

Bituminous coal — It is hard, black and compact and makes up almost 80% of the world's total coal output.

Lignite coal — It comprises 40% of carbon and a good deal of moisture and less of combustible matter.

Peat coal — It has the least carbon content and is inferior to the other three varieties of coal.

18.Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Anthracite is used for domestic purposes.

= Anthracite is used for domestic purposes as it is a smokeless fuel with high calorific value.

(ii) Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports.

= Oil refineries are located close to oilfields or near ports to minimise the cost of transport and to avoid the risk of transporting the oil inside the country due to its inflammable nature.

(iii) The location of coalfields is an important factor in industrial development.

= Location of coal fields is an important factor in industrial development because it is the basic source of power and it is heavy and bulky also, hence difficult to transport.

19. How is Gondwana coalfield different from tertiary coalfield in terms of location and quality?

Gondwana Coalfields

Tertiary Coalfields

Gondwana coalfields are largely confined to river valleys like those of Damodar, Mahanadi and Godavari. These coalfields are located in the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Tertiary coalfields are found in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Kashmir and in the coastal areas of Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and inland basin of Rajasthan.

This coal is free from moisture and contains sulphur and phosphorus in small variable quantities.

This coal has a higher moisture content and more sulphur, with less calorific value.

20.Name the coalfield that is oldest and one that is largest in India.

= The oldest coalfield in India is in Raniganj in West Bengal and the largest coalfield is in Jharia in Jharkhand.

21 State two advantages of coal as a source of power.

= Two advantages of coal as a source of power are-

Energy produced from coal fired plants is cheaper and more affordable than other energy sources.

Coal is easy to burn and produces high energy upon combustion.

22.Where is the oldest oilfield located in India?

= The oldest oilfield in India is Digboi oilfield situated in Tinsukhia district of Assam.

23.Give a geographical reason for each of the following:

(i) Petroleum is called 'liquid gold'.

= Petroleum is called 'liquid gold' because there is not even a tiniest part of crude petroleum which goes to waste or remains unused.

(ii) Natural gas is a fossil fuel.

= Natural gas is a fossil fuel because it has been formed by decomposing remains of dead animals and plants buried under the earth.

(iii) CNG is an eco-friendly fuel.

= CNG is an eco-friendly fuel because it causes less damage to the environment as it is made up of methane and results in less carbon emissions

24.What is Natural Gas? Name two variants of natural gas.

= Natural gas is a fossil fuel which occurs in association with mineral oil. It is mainly composed of methane with small amounts of propane and ethane.

Two variants of natural gas are-

· Compressed Natural Gas

· Liquified Natural Gas

25.Where is natural gas found in India? Name two coastal and two inland oil-refineries in India.

= Over three-fourths of India's natural gas comes from Mumbai High. The rest is produced in Assam, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan and Tripura.

· Two coastal oil-refineries in India are-

Haldia refinery – Indian Oil Corporation Limited in Haldia, West Bengal

Visakhapatnam Refinery – Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh

· Two inland oil-refineries in India are-

Bina Refinery – Bharat Oman Refineries Limited in Bina, Madhya Pradesh.

Panipat Refinery – Indian Oil Corporation Limited in Panipat, Haryana.

26. Why do the natural gas deposits mostly accompany oil deposits?

= Natural gas deposits mostly accompany oil deposits because it has been formed by decomposing remains of dead animals and plants buried under the earth.

27.What is added to domestic gas cylinders, which gives a foul smell? Why?

= Ethyl mercaptan, a foul smelling gas is added to domestic gas cylinders, so that any leakage of LPG from the cylinder can be detected instantaneously.

28.Give two advantages and one disadvantage of natural gas.

Two advantages of natural gas are-

· It is a cleaner, cheaper fuel than diesel or gasoline.

· Natural gas is an eco-friendly fuel.

One disadvantage of natural gas is that leaks of natural gas are difficult to detect and are very dangerous.

29.Name one important area that has large coal deposits in:

(i) Jharkhand:= Jharia

(ii) West Bengal= Raniganj

30.State any one disadvantage of coal found in India.

= One disadvantage of coal found in India is that its calorific value is low.

31.Name two states that have deposits of the Gondwana coal.

= Jharkhand and Odisha have deposits of the Gondwana coal

32.Name two industries that use large quantity of coal.

= Two industries that use large quantity of coal are-

· Iron and Steel industries

· Thermal energy power plants

33.Which state is the largest producer of mineral oil?

= Assam is the largest producer of mineral oil.

34. Mention any two advantages of hydel power.

= Hydel power is clean, non-polluting source of energy.

35. Two advantages of hydel power are-

= It does not produce any Greenhouse gases and prevents global warming.

36.Why does India have to import oil?

= India has to import oil to meet the ever increasing industrial and domestic demands.

37.Name one refinery which belongs to the private sector and one in the public sector.

= Jamnagar refinery in Gujarat belongs to the private sector and Guwahati Refinery in Assam is a public sector refinery.

38.Name the two coastal oil-refineries, one on the west coast of India and the other on the east coast of India. Name one inland oil refinery. List the sources of crude oil for these refineries.

= Below are the oil-refineries along with their location and source of crude oil:

Ø Oil refinery — Trombay refinery in Maharashtra

Ø Location — West coast of India

Ø Source of crude oil — Ankleshwar fields

Ø Oil refinery — Visakhapatnam Refinery in Andhra Pradesh

Ø Location — East coast of India

Ø Source of crude oil — Tatipaka field

Ø Oil refinery — Mathura refinery in Uttar Pradesh

Ø Location — Inland oil refinery

Ø Source of crude oil — Mumbai High

39.Where are the deposits of Petroleum normally located? Give two uses of Petroleum besides being used as a fuel.

= Petroleum is normally found in underground reservoirs in sedimentary rock formations like sandstone, shale and limestone. The entire production of India comes from the Assam-Arakan belt, the Gujarat-Cambay belt and the Mumbai High offshore zone.

Ø Two uses of Petroleum besides being used as a fuel are-

I. Petroleum after refining is used as raw material for the production of various petrochemical products like synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, polysterene, PVC, phenol, gasoline etc.

II. It is used for power generation.

40. Name four products that are obtained during the refining process of petroleum.

Four products that are obtained during the refining process of petroleum are-

Petrol

Diesel

Kerosene

Tar

41. State any two advantages of using petroleum as a source of power.

Two advantages of using petroleum as a source of power are-

Ø It is a stable energy source.

Ø It is a high density fuel.

42. State any three disadvantages of using petroleum.

= Three disadvantages of using petroleum are-

Ø Petroleum is a natural fossil fuel and non-renewable.

Ø Extracting and burning petroleum generates greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming and environmental pollution.

Ø It is expensive because of its limited supply and high demand.

43.State any three disadvantages of hydel power.

= Three disadvantages of hydel power are-

Ø The cost of building dams for producing hydroelectricity is quite high.

Ø Building a large dam alters the natural water table level.

Ø Building dams displaces many people from the area and disturbs their life physically, mentally and psychologically.

44.Where is Mumbai High? What is Sagar Samrat?

= In Maharashtra, about 176 km off Mumbai in the Arabian Sea, there is a huge oil deposit known as Mumbai High.

Ø The syncline of the rock structure in which oil has been struck is higher than the normal height and oil is taken from the depth of over 1,400 m with the help of a specially designed platform known as 'Sagar Samrat'. It is a self propelled jack-up type of drilling platform.

45.Why is coal often used near the source of its mining whereas mineral oil is transported to great distances?

= Coal is a bulky material and its transportation is difficult and costly. Secondly, coal is not a hard but a soft mineral. If not transported in a proper way, it may get crushed and reduced to ash. This results in reduction of the weight of coal. Hence it is used near the source of mining.

= Oil is transported to greater distances through pipelines which is a cheaper and easier means of transport.

46.Name the region in which India's main coalfields are located. What is the quality of coal found here? What are its uses?

= The Gondwana coalfields are the largest in India as it accounts for 98% of the total reserves of coal in India. Gondwana coal fields are located in the states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha,Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. These coal fields accounts for four-fifth of India's coal reserves.

Ø Gondwana coal is mainly of bituminous quality. It is almost free from moisture and contains sulphur and phosphorus in small variable quantities.

Ø Gondwana coal is used to produce coke, coal gas and steam coal.

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