NCERT Short Note for Class 6 Geography:- Social Science Chapter 2

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NCERT CLASS -VI
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 2

Point to be remembered

Globe is a true model (miniature form) of the earth.
Globes may be of varying size and type – big ones, which cannot be carried easily, small pocket globes, and globe-like balloons, which can be inflated and are handy and carried with ease. The globe is not fixed.
Two points on the globe through which the needle passes are two poles – North Pole and South Pole.
a needle is fixed through the globe in a tilted manner, which is called its axis.
An imaginary line running on the globe divides it into two equal parts. This line is known as the equator.
The northern half of the earth is known as the Northern Hemisphere and the southern half is known as the Southern Hemisphere. They are both equal halves.
All parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitudes.
Latitudes are measured in degrees.
The equator represents the zero degree latitude.
Since the distance from the equator to either of the poles is one-fourth of a circle round the earth, it will measure ¼th of 360 degrees, i.e. 90°.
Thus, 90 degrees north latitude marks the North Pole and 90 degrees south latitude marks the South Pole.
all parallels north of the equator are called ‘north latitudes.’
Similarly all parallels south of the equator are called ‘south latitudes.’
Example:-The value of each latitude is, therefore, followed by either the word north or south. Generally, this is indicated by the letter ‘N’ or ‘S’. For example, both Chandrapur in Maharashtra (India) and Belo Horizonte in Brazil (South America) are located on parallels of about 20° latitude. But the former is 20° north of the equator and the latter is 20° south of it. We, therefore, say that Chandrapur is situated at 20° N latitude and Belo Horizonte is situated at 20° S latitude.
Important Parallels of Latitudes
Besides the equator (0°), the North Pole (90°N) and the South Pole (90° S), there are four important parallels of latitudes–
(i) Tropic of Cancer (23½° N) in the Northern Hemisphere. (
ii) Tropic of Capricorn (23½° S) in the Southern Hemisphere.
(iii) Arctic Circle at 66½° north of the equator.
(iv) Antarctic Circle at 66½° south of the equator.

Heat Zones of the Earth

The mid-day sun is exactly overhead at least once a year on all latitudes in between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This area, therefore, receives the maximum heat and is called the Torrid Zone.
The mid-day sun never shines overhead on any latitude beyond the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The angle of the sun’s rays goes on decreasing towards the poles. As such, the areas bounded by the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere, have moderate temperatures. These are, therefore, called Temperate Zones.
Areas lying between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic Circle and the South Pole in the Southern Hemisphere, are very cold. It is because here the sun does not rise much above the horizon. Therefore, its rays are always slanting and provide less heat. These are, therefore, called Frigid Zones (very cold).

What are Longitudes?

The line of reference running from the North Pole to the South Pole. These lines of references are called the meridians of longitude, and the distances between them are measured in ‘degrees of longitude.’ Each degree is further divided into minutes, and minutes into seconds.

◆all meridians are of equal length. Thus, it was difficult to number the meridians. Hence, all countries decided that the count should begin from the meridian which passed through Greenwich, where the British Royal Observatory is located. This meridian is called the Prime Meridian. Its value is 0° longitude and from it we count 180° eastward as well as 180° westward. ◆The Prime Meridian and 180° meridian divide the earth into two equal halves, the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. Therefore, the longitude of a place is followed by the letter E for the east and W for the west. It is, however, interesting to note that 180° East and 180° West meridians are on the same line.

Why Do We Have Standard Time?

The local time of places which are on different meridians are bound to differ. For example, it will be difficult to prepare a time-table for trains which cross several longitudes. In India, for instance, there will be a difference of about 1 hour and 45 minutes in the local times of Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. It is, therefore, necessary to adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the standard time for the country. In India, the longitude of 82½° E (82° 30'E) is treated as the standard meridian. The local time at this meridian is taken as the standard time for the whole country. It is known as the Indian Standard Time (IST).

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