RRB TGT // PROFESSIONAL ABILITY//UNIT 1 // PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION 

Philosophy of Education – various schools of Philosophy; Education according to Indian thinkers and Western thinkers.

 ● IDEALISM 👉 Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world to be//spiritual, values, moral, socratic method//

● REALISM 👉 Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke

▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge

● BEHAVIORISM 👉 always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior

● EXISTENTIALISM 👉 Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

▶Focuses on self/individual

● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM 👉William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences through interaction to the environment

▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

● PERENNIALISM 👉 Robert Hutchins 

▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths

● ESSENTIALISM 👉 William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge

▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge, knowledge is subjective, man shapes his being as he lives, we are what we do, deciding precedes knowing.3r's (4r's ngayon), achievement test, certain knowledge&skills are essential for rational being.

● PROGRESSIVISM 👉 Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)

▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

● CONSTRUCTIVISM👉Jean Piaget 

▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.

● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM 👉 George Counts - recognized that education was the means of preparing people for creating his new social order

▶highlights social reform as the aim of education

➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through interaction and reading.

➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to the next generation

➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.

➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers and generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.

✔NATURALISM -- only nature exist, nature is better than civilization 

✔REALISM -- natural world, values arenatural and absolute, reality exist undercieved

✔PRAGMATISM/­­­­­EXPERIMENTALISM -- practical, problem solving research, knowledge is what works, values are related, truth is warranted assertion.

✔PROGRESSIVISM -- process of development, higher level of knowledge, the child's need and interest are relevant to curriculum.

✔PERENNIALISM -- education that last for century, universalist, knowledge is eternally valid.

✔SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM -- for better society, community based learning

✔RECONSTRUCTUONALISM -- the school should help rebuild the social order thus social change.

✔BEHAVIORISM -- learning is change in behavior, S-R relationship

✔EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses (observatory learning)

✔STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental exp. such as image,feeling and sensation

✔FUNCTIONALISM -- focus to motivation, thinking & learning.

✔PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones are responsible for the motive to strive towards fulfillment of his/her objective.

✔PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- reality is what verifiable, truth correspondes to reality, usage determines meaning

PROGRESSIVSM

Subjects are interdisciplinary,integrative and interactive

Curriculum is focused on students interest,human problems and affairsSchool reforms ,relevant and contextualized curriculum,humanistic education

RECONSTRUCTIONISM

Teacher act as agents of change and reform in various educational projects including research

Equality of educational opportunities in education,access to global education

 CURRICULUM

a. It is based on students needs and interest

b. It is always related to instruction

c. Subject matter is organized in terms of

knowledge ,skills and values

d.the process emphazise problem solving

e. Curriculum aims to educate generalist and

not specialist

 BEHAVIORIST PSYCHOLOGY

Learning should be organized so that students can experience success in the process of mastering the subject matter

 COGNITIVE PSYCOLOGY

Learning constitutes a logical method for organizing and interpreting learning

 HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

Curriculum is concerned with the process not the products

personal needs not subject matter

psychological meanings and environmental situations

SOCIAL FOUNDATION OF CURRICULUM

Society as ever dynamic,is a source of very fast changes which are difficult to cope with