RRB TGT // PROFESSIONAL ABILITY//UNIT 1 // PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION
Philosophy of Education – various schools of Philosophy; Education according to Indian thinkers and Western thinkers.
● IDEALISM 👉 Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we want the world to be//spiritual, values, moral, socratic method//
● REALISM 👉 Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
▶ (experience) fully mastery of knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM 👉 always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM 👉 Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"
▶Focuses on self/individual
● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM 👉William James; John Dewey - learn from experiences through interaction to the environment
▶Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children
● PERENNIALISM 👉 Robert Hutchins
▶focuses on unchanging/universal truths
● ESSENTIALISM 👉 William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge
▶ Focuses on basic skills and knowledge, knowledge is subjective, man shapes his being as he lives, we are what we do, deciding precedes knowing.3r's (4r's ngayon), achievement test, certain knowledge&skills are essential for rational being.
● PROGRESSIVISM 👉 Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)
▶focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM👉Jean Piaget
▶Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM 👉 George Counts - recognized that education was the means of preparing people for creating his new social order
▶highlights social reform as the aim of education
➡ ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and tradition through interaction and reading.
➡ ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one generation to the next generation
➡ Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.
➡ Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many answers and generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to think more creatively.
✔NATURALISM -- only nature exist, nature is better than civilization
✔REALISM -- natural world, values arenatural and absolute, reality exist undercieved
✔PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM -- practical, problem solving research, knowledge is what works, values are related, truth is warranted assertion.
✔PROGRESSIVISM -- process of development, higher level of knowledge, the child's need and interest are relevant to curriculum.
✔PERENNIALISM -- education that last for century, universalist, knowledge is eternally valid.
✔SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIVISM -- for better society, community based learning
✔RECONSTRUCTUONALISM -- the school should help rebuild the social order thus social change.
✔BEHAVIORISM -- learning is change in behavior, S-R relationship
✔EMPIRICISM -- knowledge comes thru senses, 5 senses (observatory learning)
✔STRUCTURALISM -- complex mental exp. such as image,feeling and sensation
✔FUNCTIONALISM -- focus to motivation, thinking & learning.
✔PURPOSIVISM -- individual hormones are responsible for the motive to strive towards fulfillment of his/her objective.
✔PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS -- reality is what verifiable, truth correspondes to reality, usage determines meaning
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